tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12125655671975260742024-03-20T17:37:19.797+05:30FISAT 2011-2015RockinG...Alfred Johnsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11682637480064805331noreply@blogger.comBlogger8125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1212565567197526074.post-89497001214055262282012-08-03T23:56:00.004+05:302012-08-04T00:02:27.103+05:30Economics Assign-IT & Economics<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY</span><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUaKgrH23faFRAqwSMwUEzk9WWR14CFJzjtVE2uYnd-dnpnzWovILAiZ04HdLu9ahoetEgdYXln1YUH-qyq4dPDN0UPHF-9kBPRVpLtYXc7gCDnIPwShk_-wyPMW-H0cxaz2Wxz7byb_c/s1600/1-page-001.jpg">https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUaKgrH23faFRAqwSMwUEzk9WWR14CFJzjtVE2uYnd-dnpnzWovILAiZ04HdLu9ahoetEgdYXln1YUH-qyq4dPDN0UPHF-9kBPRVpLtYXc7gCDnIPwShk_-wyPMW-H0cxaz2Wxz7byb_c/s1600/1-page-001.jpg</a></b></span></div>
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<br />Alfred Johnsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11682637480064805331noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1212565567197526074.post-1147695286867891762011-11-15T17:33:00.001+05:302011-11-15T17:33:46.167+05:30Electrical Expiriment 3 and 4...<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div>Electrical Expiriment 3 and 4...<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfhtPwCtoMddizBSySfYRfw2la35sNZbCY2LZg1jUYGe1KIlsOv_3Y2yK35Mtq__pbNahfWJMsbSNsIaa0lJlGLeYxG_F0x6UoZ9Kqo4Lo3JnPBcxppjpmir2pNr9OZVHr9dpzUt1Nt1w/s1600/Image0095.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfhtPwCtoMddizBSySfYRfw2la35sNZbCY2LZg1jUYGe1KIlsOv_3Y2yK35Mtq__pbNahfWJMsbSNsIaa0lJlGLeYxG_F0x6UoZ9Kqo4Lo3JnPBcxppjpmir2pNr9OZVHr9dpzUt1Nt1w/s1600/Image0095.jpg" /></a></div>Alfred Johnsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11682637480064805331noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1212565567197526074.post-13215975545822422612011-11-01T13:34:00.002+05:302011-11-01T13:39:31.321+05:30Electrical Workshop 2 Expiriment<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXlHzUaFAol0b63BevtUe95lYqBdkISuXiEh7BUSckKlM3sOig7xQx0_3J4do9ve-P5nAdZTfqKg24PdgWfiPVbPT4ofFl2V9SRJYZTIio9ErKl5nCJcZY8cwofmIvEuVGvbQZ3s81YV4/s1600/329044_294977893855547_100000300178485_1144518_1577954718_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXlHzUaFAol0b63BevtUe95lYqBdkISuXiEh7BUSckKlM3sOig7xQx0_3J4do9ve-P5nAdZTfqKg24PdgWfiPVbPT4ofFl2V9SRJYZTIio9ErKl5nCJcZY8cwofmIvEuVGvbQZ3s81YV4/s320/329044_294977893855547_100000300178485_1144518_1577954718_o.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><a name='more'></a><br />
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</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b>Syllabus for combined Ist & IInd Sem</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b>(Common for all branches)</b></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b></b></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">NOTE : NO GUARANTEE...</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.mgu.ac.in/files/BTechSchemeSyllabus.pdf" style="color: #444444;">Donload the Pdf File...Click here..</a><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"> EN010 101 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS – I</span></b></span><br />
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</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Teaching Scheme Credits: 5</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2 hour lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Objectives</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">• To impart mathematical background for studying engineering subjects.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MODULE I (18 hours) - MATRIX</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Elementary transformation – echelon form – rank using elementary transformation by reducing in to echelon</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">form – solution of linear homogeneous and non – homogeneous equations using elementary transformation.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Linear dependence and independence of vectors – eigen values and eigen vectors – properties of eigen values</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">and eigen vectors(proof not expected) – Linear transformation – Orthogonal transformation –</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Diagonalisation – Reduction of quadratic form into sum of squares using orthogonal transformation – Rank,</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">index, signature of quadratic form – nature of quadratic form</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MODULE 2 (18 hours) - PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Partial differentiation : chain rules – statement of Eulers theorem for homogeneous functions – Jacobian –</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Application of Taylors series for function of two variables – maxima and minima of function of two variables</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(proof of results not expected)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MODULE 3 (18 hours) - MULTIPLE INTEGRALS</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Double integrals in cartesian and polar co-ordinates – change of order of integration- area using double</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">integrals – change of variables using Jacobian – triple integrals in cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates – volume using triple integrals – change of variables using Jacobian – simple problems.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MODULE 4 (18 hours) - ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Linear differential equation with constant coefficients- complimentary function and particular integral –</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Finding particular integral using method of variation of parameters – Euler Cauchy equations- Legenders</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">equations</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MODULE 5 (18 hours) - LAPLACE TRANSFORMS</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Laplace Transforms – shifting theorem –differentiation and integration of transform – Laplace transforms of</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">derivatives and integrals – inverse transform – application of convolution property – Laplace transform of</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">unit step function – second shifting theorem(proof not expected) – Laplace transform of unit impulse</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">function and periodic function – solution of linear differential equation with constant coefficients using</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Laplace Transform.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">REFERENCES</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Erwin Kreyszig ;Advanced Engineering Mathematics Wiley Eastern Ltd</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Grewal B.S ;Higher Engineering Mathematics ,Khanna Publishers</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. N. P. Bali ;Engineering Mathematics ,Laxmi Publications Ltd </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4. Goyal & Gupta ; Laplace and Fourier Transforms</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5. Dr. M.K.Venkataraman ;Engineering Mathematics Vol. I,National Publishing Co.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6. Dr. M.K.Venkataraman Engineering Mathematics Vol. 2, National Publishing Co</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7. T.Veerarajan ,Engineering Mathematics for first year, Mc Graw Hill</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8. S.S.Sastry Engineering Mathematics Vol. I,Prentice Hall India</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">9. S.S.Sastry Engineering Mathematics Vol. 2, Prentice Hall India</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">10.B.V. Ramana Higher Engineering Mathematics, Mc Graw Hill</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;">EN010 102 ENGINEERING PHYSICS</b></span><br />
<div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Teaching Scheme Credits: 4</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I hour lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Objectives</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">• To provide students knowledge of physics of a problem and an overview of physical</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">phenomena. </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MODULE I (12 hours) LASERS AND HOLOGRAPHY</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lasers- Principle of laser- Absorption- Spontaneous emission- Stimulated emission- Characteristics of laser -</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Population inversion- Metastable states- Pumping- Pumping Methods- Pumping Schemes- 3 level and 4 level</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">pumping- Optical resonator- Components of laser- Typical laser systems like Ruby laser- He-Ne laserSemiconductor laser- Applications of laser- </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Holography- Basic principle -Recording and reconstruction- comparison with ordinary photographyApplications of Hologram</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MODULE II (12 hours) NANOTECHNOLOGY AND</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">SUPERCONDUCTIVITY </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Introduction to nanoscale science and technology- nanostructures-nanoring, nanorod, nanoparticle,</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">nanoshells- Properties of nanoparticles- optical, electrical, magnetic, mechanical properties and quantum</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">confinement- Classification of nanomaterials- C</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">60</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, metallic nanocomposites and polymer nanocompositesApplications of nanotechnology</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">B. Superconductivity- Introduction- Properties of super conductors- Zero electrical resistance- Critical</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">temperature- Critical current- Critical magnetic field- Meissner effect- Isotope effect- Persistence of currentFlux quantization - Type I and Type II superconductors- BCS Theory (Qualitative study) – Josephson effectD.C Josephson effect- A.C Joseph son effect- Applications of superconductors.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MODULE III (12 hours) CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND MODERN ENGINEERING MATERIALS</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A. Crystallography – Space lattice- Basis- Unit cell- Unit cell parameters- Crystal systems- Bravais latticesThree cubic lattices-sc, bcc, and fcc- Number of atoms per unit cell- Co-ordination number- Atomic radiusPacking factor- Relation between density and crystal lattice constants- Lattice planes and Miller indicesSeparation between lattice planes in sc- Bragg’s law- Bragg’s x-ray spectrometer- Crystal structure analysis.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Liquid crystals- Liquid crystals, display systems-merits and demerits- Metallic glasses- Types of metallic</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">glasses (Metal-metalloid glasses, Metal-metal glasses) – Properties of metallic glasses (Structural, electrical,magnetic and chemical properties)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Shape memory alloys- Shape memory effect, pseudo elasticity </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MODULE IV (12 hours) ULTRASONICS</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A. Ultrasonics- Production of ultrasonics- Magnetostriction method – Piezoelectric method- Properties of</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ultrasonics- Non destructive testing- Applications</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">B. Spectroscopy- Rayleigh scattering (Qualitative) - Raman effect – Quantum theory of Raman effectExperimental study of Raman effect and Raman spectrum- Applications of Raman effect </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">C. Acoustics- Reverberation- Reverbaration time- Absorption of sound- Sabine’s formula(no derivation)-</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Factors affecting acoustics properties</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MODULE V (12 hours) FIBRE OPTICS </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Principle and propagation of light in optical fibre- Step index (Single Mode and Multi Mode fibre) and</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">graded index fibre- N.A. and acceptance angle—Characteristics of optical fibres (Pulse dispersion,</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">attenuation, V-number, Bandwidth-distance product) – </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Applications of optical fibres- Fibre optic communication system (Block diagram)- Optical fibre sensors</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(any five) – Optical fibre bundle.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">REFERENCES</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1) A Text book of Engineering Physics – M.N.Avadhanulu and P.G.Kshirsagar</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">S.Chand& Company Ltd.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2) Nanomaterials- A.K.Bandhopadyaya – New Age International Publishers3) Engineering Physics – A. Marikani </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4) Engineering materials –V Rajendran and Marikani-Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Limited</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5) Engineering physics- Dr. M Arumugam - Anuradha Agencies</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6) Nano ; The Essentials- T. Pradeep</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7) Material Science-M Arumugham- Anuradha Agencies</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8) Lasers and Non-Linear optics By B.B Laud- New Age International (P) Limited</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;"><br />
</b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;">EN010 103 Engineering Chemistry & Environmental Studies</b></span><br />
<div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(Common to all branches)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Teaching scheme Credits:4</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1hr lecture and 1hr tutorial per week (total 60 hrs)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Objectives</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">• To impart a scientific approach and to familiarize the applications of chemistry in the field of</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">technology </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">• To create an awareness about the major environmental issues for a sustainable development.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module 1 Electrochemical Energy Systems (13 hrs)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Electrochemical cells - Galvanic cell - Daniel cell – EMF - determination by potentiometric method - Nernst</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">equation – derivation- Single electrode potential-Types of electrodes-Metal/metal ion electrode, Metal/metal</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">sparingly soluble salt electrode, Gas electrode and Oxidation/reduction electrode - Reference electrodes -</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Standard hydrogen electrode and Calomel electrode - Glass electrode – Determination of pH using these</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">electrodes - Concentration cell – Electrolytic concentration cell without transfer - Derivation of EMF using</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nernst equation for concentration cell - Cells and Batteries - Primary and secondary cells - Lead acid</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">accumulator, Ni-Cd cell, Lithium–MnO</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2 </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">cell and Rechargeable Lithium ion cell – Polarization –</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Overvoltage - Decomposition potential - Numerical problems based on Nernst equations and pH</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">determination.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module 2 Corrosion and Corrosion Control (10 hrs)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Introduction - Types of corrosion – Chemical and Electrochemical corrosion – Chemical corrosion –</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Oxidation corrosion, By other gases and Liquid metal corrosion – Pilling-Bedworth rule - Electrochemicalcorrosion – Mechanism - absorption of O</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> and evolution of H</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2 </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Types of electrochemical corrosionGalvanic corrosion, Concentration cell corrosion, Differential aeration corrosion, Pitting corrosion, Waterline</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">corrosion and Stress corrosion - Factors influencing the rate of corrosion - Nature of the metal and Nature of</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">the environment - Corrosion control methods – Selection of metal and proper design, Cathodic protection</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(Sacrificial anodic protection and Impressed current cathodic protection), Modifying the environment,</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">corrosion inhibitors and Protective coating - Metallic coating – Anodic coating and cathodic coating - Hot</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">dipping (Galvanizing and Tinning), Electroplating, Electroless plating, Metal spraying, Metal cladding</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cementation- sheradizing - chromizing- calorizing and Vacuum metallization - Non-metallic coating -</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Anodization </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module 3 Engineering Materials (13 hrs)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">High polymers – Introduction - Degree of polymerization – Functionality – Tacticity - Types of</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">polymerization (mechanisms not required) – Addition, Condensation and Copolymerization - Glass</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">transition temperature-(Tg) Definition only, Compounding and moulding of plastics - Compression,</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Injection, Extrusion, Transfer and Blow moulding.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fiber Reinforced Plastics - Glass reinforced plastics (GRP) - Manufacturing methods - Hand lay up, Spray</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">up and Filament winding - properties and uses.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Conducting Polymers – Polyacetylene and Polyaniline - Applications (mechanism not required)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rubber - Natural rubber – Properties – Vulcanization - Synthetic rubber - Preparation, properties and uses of</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Polyurethane rubber, NBR and Silicone rubber.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Carbon Nanotubes - Single walled (SWCNT) and Multi walled (MWCNT) - Properties and uses. </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module 4 Environmental Pollution (12 hrs)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pollution - Types of pollution – a brief study of the various types of pollution - Air pollution - Sources and</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">effects of major air pollutants – Gases - Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur – Hydrocarbons –</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Particulates -Control of air pollution - Different methods - Water pollution - Sources and effects of major</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">pollutants - Inorganic pollutants- heavy metals cadmium , lead, mercury - Ammonia, Fertilizers and</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sediments (silt) - Organic pollutants – Detergents, pesticides, food waste, - Radioactive materials - Thermal</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">pollutants - Control of water pollution - General methods</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Eutrophication - Definition and harmful effects</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Desalination of water - Reverse osmosis and Electrodialysis</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module 5 Environmental Issues (12 hrs)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">An overview of the major environmental issues - Acid rain – Smog - Photochemical smog - Green house</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">effect - Global warming and climate change - Ozone layer depletion – Deforestation - Causes and effects -</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Wet land depletion – Consequences, Biodiversity – importance and threats, Soil erosion - Causes and</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">effects, Solid waste disposal -Methods of disposal - Composting, Landfill, and Incineration, E-Wastedisposal - Methods of disposal –recycle( recovery) and reuse</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Renewable energy sources - Solar cells – Importance - Photo voltaic cell - a brief introduction</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bio fuels - Bio diesel and Power alcohol.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Note: This course should be handled and examination scripts should be evaluated by the faculty members of</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Chemistry</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Text Books</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. A text book of Engineering Chemistry - Shashi Chawla, Dhanpat Rai and Co.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. A text book of Engineering Chemistry - Jain & Jain 15</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">th</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> edition .</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. A text book of Engineering Chemistry – S. S. Dhara.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4. Modern Engineering Chemistry – Dr. Kochu Baby Manjooran. S.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">References</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Chemistry - John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay, Pearson Education.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Polymer science –V. R. Gowariker, New Age International Ltd. </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. A text book of polymer - M. S. Bhatnagar Vol I, II,& III, S. Chand publications.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4. Nano materials – B. Viswanathan, Narosa publications.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5. Nano science & Technology – V. S. Muralidharan and A. Subramania, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6. Nanotechnology - Er. Rakesh Rathi, S. Chand & Company Ltd.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7. Environmental Studies - Benny Joseph (2</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">nd</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> edition), Tata Mc Graw Hill companies.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8. Environmental Chemistry - Dr. B. K. Sharma, Goel publishers.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">9. Environmental Chemistry – A. K. De, New age International Ltd.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">10.Industrial Chemistry – B. K. Sharma, Goel publishers.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">11.Engineering Chemistry – O. G. Palanna, Tata Mc Graw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd.EN010 104 </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;">ENGINEERING MECHANICS </b></span><br />
<div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(Common to all branches)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Teaching Scheme Credits: 6</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3 hour lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Objective:</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">25. To develop analytical skills to formulate and solve engineering problems.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module I ( 23 hrs)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Introduction to Mechanics – Basic Dimensions and Units – Idealization of Mechanics – Rigid Body –</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Continuum – Point force – Particle – Vector and Scalar quantities.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Principles of Statics – Force Systems – Coplanar, Collinear, Concurrent and Parallel – Free body diagrams –</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Resolution of forces – Moment of a Force – Varignon’s Theorem – Couple – Resolution of a force into force</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">couple system – Conditions of static equilibrium of Rigid bodies – Solutions of problems using scalar</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">approach</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Force Systems in Space – Introduction to Vector approach – Elements of Vector algebra – Position vector –</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Moment of a Force about a Point and Axis – Resultant of Forces – Equilibrium of forces in space using</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">vector approach</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module II (23 hrs)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Principle of Virtual work – Elementary treatment only – application of virtual work in beams, ladders</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Centroid of Lines, Areas and Volumes – Pappus Guldinus Theorems</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Moment of Inertia of laminas – Transfer theorems – radius of Gyration – problems</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Centre of Gravity – Mass moment of Inertia of circular and rectangular plates – solid rectangular prisms –</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cylinders – Cones</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module III (23 hrs)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Friction – Laws of friction – Contact friction problems – ladder friction – Wedge friction – Screw friction.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Introduction to Structural Mechanics – Types of Supports, loads, frames – Static Indeterminacy – Support</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">reactions of beams – Analysis of perfect trusses by method of joints, method of sections.Module IV (28hrs) </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kinematics – Rectilinear motion of a particle under Variable Acceleration</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Relative Velocity - problems</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Circular motion with Uniform and Variable Acceleration – Relations between Angular and Rectilinear</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">motion – Normal and Tangential accelerations</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Combined motion of Rotation and Translation – Instantaneous centre of zero velocity – Wheels rolling</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">without slipping</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Introduction to Mechanical Vibrations – Free vibrations – Simple Harmonic motion</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module IV (23 hrs)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kinetics of particles – Newton’s laws of Motion of Translation – D’Alembert’s Principle – Motion of</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">connected bodies – Work Energy Principle – Principle of Momentum and Impulse – Collision of Elastic</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">bodies</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Newton’s laws of Rotational motion – Angular Impulse and Torque – Conservation of Angular Momentum –</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Centrifugal and Centripetal forces – Applications – Work done and Power by Torque and Couple.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">References:</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">13. Engineering Mechanics – S. Timoshenko, D.H. Young & J. V. Rao – Tata Mc Graw Hill </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">14. Engineering Mechanics – Statics and Dynamics – Irving H Shames, G Krishna Mohana Rao –</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pearson Edutcation</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">15. S. Rajasekararn & G.Sankarasubramanian, Engineering Mechanics, Vikas Publishing Co.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">16. Engineering Mechanics – Prof.J.Benjamin, Pentex Publishers</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">17. Engineering Mechanics – G. S. Sawhney PHI Learning Private Ltd. New Delhi</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">18. Engineering Mechanics – K. L. Kumar, Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi </span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;"><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;">EN010 105: ENGINEERING GRAPHICS</b></span><br />
<div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Teaching Scheme Credits: 6</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I hour lecture and 3 hour drawing per weekObjectives</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">• To provide students of all branches of engineering with fundamental knoeledge of engineering drawing</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">• To impart drawing skills to students </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MODULE 1 (24 hours)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Introduction to Engineering Graphics: Drawing instruments and their uses-familiarization with current BIS</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">code of practice for general engineering drawing. </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Scales-Plain scales-Diagonal Scales-Forward and Backward Vernier Scales.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Conic Sections:-Construction of conics when eccentricity and distance from directrix are given .Construction</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">of ellipse (1) given major axis and foci (2) given major axis and minor axis (3)given a pair of conjugate</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">diameters (4) by the four centre method. Construction of parabola given the axis and base. Construction of</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">hyperbola-(1) given the asymptotes and a point on the curve. (2) Given ordinate, abscissa and transverse axis.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Construction of rectangular hyperbola. Construction of tangents and normals at points on these curves. </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Miscellaneous curves:-Cycloids, Inferior and superior Trochoids-Epicycloid-Hypocycloid-Involute of circle</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">and plain figures-Archimedian Spiral and Logarithmic Spiral- Tangents and normals at points on these</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">curves.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MODULE 2 (24 hours)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Orthographic projections of points and lines:-Projections of points in different quadrants-Projections of</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">straight lines parallel to one plane and inclined to the other plane-straight lines inclined to both the planestrue length and inclination of lines with reference planes using line rotation and plane rotation methods –</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Traces of lines.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Orthographic projections of planes-Polygonal surfaces and circular lamina.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MODULE 3 (24 hours)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Orthographic projections of solids:-Projections of prisms , cones ,cylinders ,pyramids ,tetrahedron</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">,octahedron and spheres with axis parallel to one plane and parallel or perpendicular to the other plane-the</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">above solids with their axes parallel to one plane and inclined to the other plane –axis inclined to both the</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">reference planes-use change of position method OR auxiliary method.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sections of solids:-Sections of prisms ,cones , cylinders ,pyramids ,tetrahedron and octahedron with axis</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">parallel to one plane and parallel or perpendicular or inclined to the other plane with section planes</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">perpendicular to one plane and parallel , perpendicular or inclined to the other plane –True shapes of</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">sections.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MODULE 4 (24 hours)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Developments of surfaces of (1)simple solids like prisms ,pyramids , cylinder and cone (2) sectioned regular</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">solids (3)above solids with circular or square holes with their axes intersecting at right angles.-Developments</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">of funnels and pipe elbows.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Isometric Projections:-Isometric Scales-Isometric views and projections of plane figures,simple&truncated</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">solids such as prisms, pyramids, cylinder, cone, sphere, hemisphere and their combinations with axis parallel</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">to one the planes and parallel or perpendicular to the other plane.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MODULE 5 (24 hours)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Perspective projections:-Perspective projections of prisms,pyramids,cylinder and cone with axis parallel to</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">one plane and parallel or perpendicular or inclined to the other plane by visual ray method OR vanishing</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">point method </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Intersection of surfaces:-Intersection of prism in prism &cylinder in cylinder-Axis at right angles only.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">REFERENCES</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Engineering Graphics-Unique Methods easy solutions-K.N Anilkumar</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Engineering Graphics-P I Varghese.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. Engineering Drawing-N D Bhatt</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4. Engineering Graphics-P S Gill </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5. Engineering Graphics-T S Jeyapoovan.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;">EN010 106: BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING</b></span><br />
<div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(Common to all branches)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Teaching scheme: Credits: 4</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1 hour lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Objective:</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To familiarize all engineering students with the basic concepts of civil engineering so that they can</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">perform better in this great profession “Engineering”.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module 1 (12 hours)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Introduction to civil engineering : various fields of civil engineering- Engineering materials: Cement –</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bogues compounds, manufacture of Portland cement-wet and dry process, grades of cement, types of</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">cement and its uses – steel– types of steel for reinforcement bars ,structural steel sections,built-up</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">sections,light gauge sections. Aggregates: Fine aggregate:- pitsand, riversand, M- sand--Coarse aggregate:</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">natural and artificial , requirements of good aggregates. Timber: varieties found in Kerala – seasoning and</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">preservation. Bricks: classification, requirements, tests on bricks. </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module 2 (12 hours)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cement mortar- preparation and its uses– concrete –ingredients, grades of concrete – water cement ratio,</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">workability, curing, ready mix concrete. Roofs - roofing materials -A. C, aluminium, GI, fibre, tile,</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">reinforced concrete (brief description only)- reinforcement details of a one way slab, two way slab and</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">simply supported beams.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module 3 (12 hours)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Building Components: Foundation: Bearing capacity and settlement - definitions only-footings- isolated</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">footing , combined footing - rafts, piles and well foundation , machine foundation (Brief description only).</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Superstructure: Walls - brick masonry – types of bonds , English bond for one brick -stone masonryRandom Rubble masonry.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module 4 (12 hours)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Surveying: Classification –principles of surveying- chain triangulation- instruments used, field work –</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">bearing of survey lines –WCB and reduced bearing -Leveling: field work - reduction of levels - height of</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">instrument method.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Introduction to total station- basic principles of remote sensing, GPS and GIS.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module 5 (12 hours)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Site plan preparation for buildings (Sketch only) – Kerala Municipal Building Rules (1999)-general</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">provisions regarding site and building requirements – coverage and floor area ratio – basic concepts of</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“intelligent buildings” and “green buildings”- disposal of domestic waste water through septic tank and</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">soak pit. Classification of roads- basics of traffic engineering – road markings , signs, signals and islands,</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">road safety-accidents, causes and remedies– (brief description only)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">References1. Jha and Sinha, Construction and foundation Engineering, Khanna Publishers </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Punmia B. C., Surveying Vol –I, Laxmi Publications </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. Rangwala, Building Materials, Charotar Book stall</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4. K. Khanna ,C. E. G. Justo., Highway Engineering, Khanna Publishers</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5. Nevile., Properties of Concrete, Mc Graw Hill </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6. B C Punmia.,Basic Civil Engineering, Khanna Publishers</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7. Kerala Municipal Building Rules – 1999</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;"><br />
</b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;">EN010 107 Basic mechanical engineering</b></span><br />
<div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(Common to all branches)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Teaching scheme Credits- 4</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1hour lecture and1hour tutorial per week</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Objective</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To impart basic knowledge in mechanical engineering</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module 1(12 hours)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Thermodynamics: Basic concepts and definitions, Gas laws, specific heat –Universal gas constantIsothermal, adiabatic and polytrophic processes, work done, heat transferred, internal energy and entropy -</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cycles: Carnot, Otto and Diesel- Air standard efficiency.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Basic laws of heat transfer (Fourier’s law of heat conduction, Newton’s law of cooling Steffen Boltzmann’s</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">law)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module 2 (12 hours)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I.C. Engines: Classification of I.C Engines, Different parts of I.C engines, Working of two stroke and four</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">stroke engines-petrol and diesel engines-air intake system, exhaust system, fuel supply system, ignition</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">system, lubrication system, cooling system and engine starting system-Performance of I.C. engines,</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">advantage of MPFI and CRDI over conventional system.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Refrigeration: Unit of refrigeration, COP, Block diagram and general descriptions of air refrigeration system,</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">vapour compression and vapour absorption systems- Required properties of a refrigerant, important</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">refrigerants– Domestic refrigerator- Ice plant.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Air conditioning system: Concept of Air conditioning, psychometry, psychometric properties, psychometricchart, psychometric processes, human comfort– winter and summer air conditioning systems (general</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">description), air conditioning application.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module 3 (12 hours)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Power transmission elements: Belt Drive - velocity ratio of belt drive, length of belt, slip in belt- simple</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">problems– Power transmitted– Ratio of tensions– Centrifugal tension Initial tension– Rope drive, chain drive</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">and gear drive-Types of gear trains (simple description only).</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module 4 (12 hours)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Power plants: General layout of hydraulic, diesel, thermal and nuclear power plants-nonconventional energy</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">sources (general description only).</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hydraulic turbines and pumps : Classifications of hydraulic turbines –types of hydraulic turbines –runaway</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">speed, specific speed, draft tube, cavitations, selection of hydraulic turbines .Classification of pumps–</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">positive displacement and rotodynamic pumps (description only)- applications </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Steam turbines: Classification of steam turbines, description of common types of steam turbines: Impulse and</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">reaction, compounding methods.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module 5 (12 hours)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Simple description of general purpose machines like lathe, shaping machines, drilling machines, grinding</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">machines and milling machines, Basic concepts of CNC, DNC, CIM and CAD/CAM</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Manufacturing Processes: Moulding and casting, forging, rolling, welding- arc welding-gas welding</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(fundamentals and simple descriptions only)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Text book</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1 P.L. Bellany, Thermal Engineering, Khanna Publishes </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2 Benjamin J., Basic Mechanical Engineering, Pentex</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Reference Books</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1 R.C.Patel, Elements of heat engines, Acharya Publishers -</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2 G.R Nagapal, Power plant engineering, Khnna publishes </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3 P.K.Nag, Engineering Thermodynamics, McGraw Hill</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4 Dr.P.R Modi &Dr.M.S. Seth, Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics including Hydraulic Machines, Standard</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Book House</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;"><br />
</b></span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;">EN010 108: Basic Electrical Engineering(Common to all branches)</b></span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Teaching Scheme Credits: 4</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I hour lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Objectives</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">• To provide students of all branches of engineering with an overview of all the fields of</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">electrical engineering</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">• To prepare students for learning advanced topics in electrical engineering</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module I (10 hours)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kirchhoff’s Laws – Formation of network equations by mesh current method – Matrix representation –</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Solution of network equations by matrix method – Star delta conversion.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Magnetic circuits – mmf, field strength, flux density, reluctance, permeability – comparison of electric and</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">magnetic circuits – force on current carrying conductor in magnetic filed. </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module II (12 hours)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Electromagnetic Induction – Faraday’s laws – lenz’s law – statically and dynamically induced emf – self and</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">mutual inductance – coupling coefficient.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Alternating current fundamentals – generation of AC –frequency, period, average and r m s value, form</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">factor, peak factor, phasor representation – j operator – power and power factor – solution of RLC series and</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">parallel circuits.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module III (13 hours)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">DC machine – principle of operation of DC generator – constructional details – e m f equation – types of</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">generators.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">DC motor – principle of operation of DC motor – back emf – need for starter – losses and efficiency – types</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">of motors – applications – simple problems. Transformer – principle of operation – e m f equation Constructional details of single phase and three phase</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">transformer – losses and efficiency – application of power transformer, distribution transformer, current</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">transformer and potential transformer.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module IV (13 hours)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Three phase system – generation of three phase voltage – star and delta system – relation between line and</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">phase voltages and currents – phasor representation of three phase system - balanced delta connected system</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">– three wire and four wire system – simple problems. Three phase power measurement – Single wattmeter,</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">two wattmeter and three wattmeter methods.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Induction motors – principle of operation of three phase induction motors – applications of cage and slip ring</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">induction motor – single phase induction motors – capacitor start / run, shaded pole – universal motors -</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Applications.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Synchronous generator (Alternator) – principles of operation and types.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Module V (12 hours)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Generation of electric power – types of generation – hydroelectric, thermal and nuclear (Block schematic and</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">layout only) - Non conventional energy sources – solar, wind, tidal, wave and geothermal.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Transmission – need for high voltage transmission – Transmission voltage – Distribution – Underground</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">versus overhead – Feeder – Distributor – Service mains – conductor materials – one line diagram of typical</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">power system.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Requirements of good lighting system – working principle of incandescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp and</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">mercury vapour lamp-energy efficient lamps (CFL,LED lights) – need for energy management and power</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">quality – home energy management.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Text Books</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. D.P. Kothari & I.J. Nagrath – Basic Electrical Engineering – Tata McGraw Hill</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. D.C. Kulshreshta – Basic Electrical Engineering - Tata McGraw Hill</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. Hughes – Electrical and Electronic Technology – Pearson EducationReference Books</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. R.V. Srinivasa Murthy – Basic Electrical Engineering – Sunguine Technical</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. J.B.Gupta – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering & Electronics – S.K.Kataria</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta – Basic Electrical Engineering – S.Chand.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4. Bureau of Engineering Efficiency – Guide book for national certification examination for energy</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">managers and auditors.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5. Rajendra Prasad – Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering, Prentice Hall India.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6. Soni, Gupta, Bhatnagar & Chackrabarty – A text book on power system engineering – Dhanapt Rai</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7. Electrical Engineering Fundamentals – Vincent Del Toro, Pearson Education. </span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;"><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;">EN010 109: Basic Electronics Engineering and Information Technology</b></span><br />
<div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(Common to all branches)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Teaching Scheme Credits: 5</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2 hour lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Objectives</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">• To provide students of all branches of engineering with an overview of all the fields of electronics</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">engineering and information technology</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MODULE 1 (18 hours): Basic Circuit Components: Diode: Germanium, Silicon, Zener, LEDs</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(working principle only). Forward and reverse characteristics. [2hr.] Rectifiers: Half wave, fullwave ,</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bridge circuits, DC Power supply: Capacitor filter, Zener regulator. [3hrs.] Transistors :Different</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">configurations - CE characteristics-β and ∝, concept of Amplifiers: Common emitter RC coupled</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">amplifier, Frequency response, Bandwidth.(No analysis required) </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Comparison of BJT,FET,MOSFET, IGBT. [2hr.]. Integrated circuits: Advantages, classification of Linear</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">and Digital ICs. Basics of Op-amps, inverting and non-inverting amplifiers.Family of IC’s(Function</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">diagram of 7400 & CD4011) [4hrs.] .Specifications of TTL and CMOS.[] –Comparison.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MODULE 2 (18 hours): Basic communication Engineering:Communication: Frequency bands: RF,</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">VHF, UHF, x, ku, ka, c. Modulation – need for modulation, basic principles of amplitude, frequency and</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">pulse modulation. [6hrs.]. Block schematic of AM transmitter , Super-hetrodyne receiver, FM receiver.-function of each block.[3hrs.] .Wireless communication: Satellite Communication-Earth station,</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">transponder and receiver.Mobile Communication: GSM-BSC, Cell structure, frequency re-use, hands-of,</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">establishing a call. </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MODULE 3 (18 hours):Basic instrumentation and Consumer electronics: Electronic instrumentation:</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Transducers: Basic principles of Strain guage, LVDT, Thermistor, Photodiode, Typical moving coil</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">microphones and Loud speaker.Block diagram of Digital Multimeter .[8hrs].CONSUMER ELECTRONICS:</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Basic principles of TV –Interlaced Scanning-Block Diagram of PAL TV receiver(color).Basic principles of</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">DTH, brief descriptions of MP3,multichannel audio 5.1,7.1.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MODULE 4 (18 hours):Introduction: Definition and Scope of IT-Digital Computer, Von Neumann</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Architecture-Basic Operational Concepts-CPU-single Bus and Multi Bus Organization, A typical</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Instruction set, Execution of Instructions. Memory and I/O-Main Memory, Virtual Memory-Cache</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">memory-Secondary Memories-Printers, Plotters, Displays ,Key board, Mouse, OMR and OCR-Device</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Interface-I/O Processor-I/O Channel </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MODULE 5 (18 hours) :Computer software-System Software and Application Software-Machine</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Language-Assembly Language-High Level Language-Language Translators-Operating System, Procedural</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Programming and Object Oriented Programming.Computer Networks-Concepts of Networking-Network</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Topologies-WAN-LAN-MAN, Protocol-Internet-working concept, Internet Architecture, IP addresses,</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Routing, Domain Name System(Basic concepts only)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">References</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1.Basic Electronics – Devices, Circuits and IT fundamentals.Santiram Kal,PHI( Module 1to 5)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Basic Electronics: Bernad Grob, Mc Graw Hill Publication(Module 1)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. Electronic Devices: Floyd, Pearson Education (Module 1)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4. Electronic Devices and Circuits: J.B. Gupta,S.K.Kataria & Sons (Module 1 , 2,3)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5. Digital Principles: Malvino & Leach, Mc Graw Hill Publication(Module 1)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6. Electronic Instrumentation: H.S Kalsi, Mc Graw Hill Publication(Module 2)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7. Communication Systems: Sanjay Sharma, S.K.Kataria & Sons (Module 2)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8. Satellite Comunication : Robert M.Gagliardi,CBS Publishers & Distributors.(Module 2)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">9.Basic Radio and TV; S.P. Sharma,Tata McGrawhill(Module 2 &3)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">10.Wireless Communication; T.S. Rappaport, Pearson(Module 3)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">11.Computer Organization, Hamacher, Vranesic and Zaky, Mc Graw Hill (Module 4)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">12.Systems Programming, JJ Donovan ,Mc Graw Hill (Module 5)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">13.Computer Networks,Andrew.S Tanenbaum,Pearson Education(Module 5)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">EN010 110: Mechanical Workshop</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(Common to all branches)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Teaching scheme Credits: 1</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3 hours practical per week</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Objectives• To provide students of all branches of engineering in house experience of basic mechanical</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">instruments and activities</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Carpentry Planing – cutting – chiselling, marking – sawing – cross and tee joints – </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">dovetail joints – engineering application, Seasoning, Preservation – </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Plywood and ply boards.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fitting Practice in chipping – filing – cutting – male and female joints. </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Smithy Forging of square and hexagonal prism. Study of forging principles, </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">materials and operations.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Foundry Preparation of simple sand moulds – moulding sand characteristics, </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">materials, gate, runner, riser, core, chaplets and casting defects. </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Demonstration and study of machine tools – lathe, drilling, boring, slotting, shaping, milling and grinding</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">machines, CNC machines and machining centers.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Demonstration and study of arc and gas welding techniques.</span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;"><br />
</b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;">EN010 111: Electrical and Civil Workshops</b></span><br />
<div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(Common to all branches)</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Teaching scheme Credits: 1</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3 hours practical per 2 weeks for each</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Objectives</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">• To provide students of all branches of engineering in house experience of basic electrical and</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">civil instruments and activitiesElectrical Workshop</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Wiring and estimation of one lamp and one plug, Control of two lamps in series and in parallel.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Staircase wiring.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. Godown wiring.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4. Insulation megger - earth megger , measurement of insulation resistance and earth </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">resistance .Study of volt meter, ammeter , watt meter and energy meter.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5. Working principle and wiring of Fluorescent , CFL and Mercury vapour lamp .</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6. Study and wiring of distribution board including power plug using isolator, MCB and ELCB –</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Estimation of a typical 1BHK house wiring system.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7. Familiarization , soldering, testing and observing the wave forms on a CRO of a HW and</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">FW Uncontrolled Rectifier (using diodes) with capacitor filter.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8. Observing the wave forms on a CRO of Experiment 7 without capacitor filter and find </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">the average and RMS value of the voltage waveform.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">9. Visit your college substation and familiarize the supply system, Transformer, HT Panel and</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Distribution etc.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;">Civil Workshop</b></span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Masonry : English bond – Flemish bond – wall junction – one brick – one and a half brick –</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">two brick and two and a half brick – Arch setting.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Plumbing: Study of water supply and sanitary fittings – water supply pipe fitting – tapconnections – sanitary fittings – urinal, wash basin – closet (European and </span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Indian), Manholes.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Surveying: Study of surveying instruments – chain – compass – plane table – levelling –</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">minor instruments. Demonstration of Theodolite and Total Station.</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Familiarization of latest building materials : Flooring materials – Roofing materials –</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Paneling boards.</span></div></div>Alfred Johnsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11682637480064805331noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1212565567197526074.post-15336305012554786722011-10-11T19:44:00.003+05:302011-10-12T20:08:46.532+05:30Timber Defects Part 1<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"></span></div><table border="0" style="width: 1013px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top" width="1007"><h1><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0c343d; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Timber defects</span></h1></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top" width="1007"><h3><u>Note</u> : Details selected in mixed form.Please group them. </h3><h3><span style="color: maroon;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1212565567197526074&postID=1533630501255478672" name="Shrinkage"><br />
</a></span></h3><h3><span style="color: maroon;">Shrinkage</span></h3><span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">Shrinkage is a defect, and generally a natural defect, occurring </span><br />
<span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">during the seasoning process. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">When timber is seasoning and it's </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">moisture content (MC) is reduced below the Fibre Saturated Point </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">(FSP) continued drying will cause dramatic change such as increase in </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">strength but also distortion and shrinkage.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">Shrinkage is the greatest </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">tangentially over the radial direction with little loss along the length of the board, etc.</span><br />
<div align="center"><a href="http://www.geoffswoodwork.co.uk/con03.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img align="center" border="0" height="238" src="http://www.geoffswoodwork.co.uk/con03.gif" width="409" /></a></div></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="465"><h3><span style="color: maroon;">Cupping<br />
</span></h3><a href="http://www.geoffswoodwork.co.uk/tree04.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img align="center" border="0" height="262" src="http://www.geoffswoodwork.co.uk/tree04.gif" width="311" /></a><span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">Because of this varying shrinkage rates tangential boards tend to cup because of the geometry of the annual rings shown on the end grain. It can be seen that some rings are much longer than the others close to the heart. Therefore they will be more shrinkage at these parts than the others ~ cupping is the result.<br />
Tangential cut boards swell out from the heart and the opposite side cups towards the older wood.<br />
Radial boards shrink more or less across the thickness of the board with a bias on the older wood on the outside. Such boards are more stable.<br />
In square section timber cut from the same place, 'diamonding' is the result.</span></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="538"><div align="center"></div></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="top" width="465"><h3><span style="color: maroon;">Knots</span></h3><a href="http://www.geoffswoodwork.co.uk/cup01.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img align="center" border="0" height="139" src="http://www.geoffswoodwork.co.uk/cup01.gif" width="268" /></a><span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">Knots are the result of the trees attempt to make branches in the early growth of the tree. They are the residue of a small twig, shoot, etc. that died or was broken off by man or an animal in the wood or forest. The tree subsequently continued its growth over this wood.</span><br />
<span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">The knot may be live, sound, or tight or if it has become separated and is contained in residue of bark, dead.</span><br />
<a href="http://www.geoffswoodwork.co.uk/knots.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="198" src="http://www.geoffswoodwork.co.uk/knots.gif" width="409" /></a><span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">Dead knots become loose and downgrade the appearance and stability of the board. Most grading systems uses the amount of knot area as an indication of its quality. The more knots the less the quality.</span><br />
<span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">Dead loose knots are extremely dangerous to machinists. The cutters may pick these up and eject them rapidly towards the operator.</span></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="538"><div align="center"></div></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="538"></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="538"><div align="center"></div></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="465"><h3><span style="color: maroon;">Splits</span></h3><span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">A separation of the wood fibres along the grain forming a fissure that extends through the board from one side to the other.</span><br />
<a href="http://www.geoffswoodwork.co.uk/split.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="119" src="http://www.geoffswoodwork.co.uk/split.gif" width="287" /></a><span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">It is usual in end grain and is remedied by cutting away the defected area. All boards should have an allowance so that some end grain may be cut away because of possible shakes or splits.</span></td><td align="left" valign="top" width="538"><div align="center"></div></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="465"><h3><span style="color: maroon;">Checks and end checking</span></h3><a href="http://www.geoffswoodwork.co.uk/shake.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="110" src="http://www.geoffswoodwork.co.uk/shake.gif" width="278" /></a><span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">A separation of the fibres along the grain forming a fissure which shows up on one face or at the end grain but does not continue through to the other side.</span></td><td align="center" valign="top" width="538"><div align="center"></div></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="465"><h3><span style="color: maroon;">Wind or twisting</span></h3><span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">Spiral or corkscrew distortion in a longitudal direction of the board.</span><br />
<a href="http://www.geoffswoodwork.co.uk/wind.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="347" src="http://www.geoffswoodwork.co.uk/wind.gif" width="351" /></a><span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">Due to the board being cut close to the centre of the tree which has spiral grain.</span><br />
<span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">The board is of not much use but small cuttings may be obtained from it with careful selection.</span></td><td align="center" valign="top" width="538"></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="465"><h3><span style="color: maroon;">Bow</span></h3><span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">Bowing is concave/convex distortion along the length of the board.</span><br />
<span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">It is a seasoning and or storage defect caused by the failure to support the board with stickers at sufficient intervals. The boards own weight and probably those above it bears down and the resultant bow is inevitable.</span><br />
<a href="http://www.geoffswoodwork.co.uk/bow.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="282" src="http://www.geoffswoodwork.co.uk/bow.gif" width="240" /></a><span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">This defect can and should be avoided by careful use of stickers supporting the board at the correct width.</span></td><td align="center" valign="top" width="538"></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="465"><h3><span style="color: maroon;">Spring</span></h3><span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">Spring is concave/convex distortion along the length of the board again but this time the distortion is in the flat plane of the board.</span><br />
<span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">Boards with this defect may have been cut from near the heart of the board and is the result of growth stresses being released on conversion.</span><br />
<a href="http://www.geoffswoodwork.co.uk/spring.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="314" src="http://www.geoffswoodwork.co.uk/spring.gif" width="206" /></a><span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">Useable timber may be recovered from these boards by cutting a straight edge and re sawing. The grain direction however may not be satisfactory for aesthetics and care should be taken for placing the possible short grain figure where stability is required.</span></td><td align="center" valign="top" width="538"><div align="center"></div></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="465"><h3><span style="color: maroon;">Shakes</span></h3><span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">Shakes are separation of the fibres along the grain developed in the standing tree, in felling or in seasoning. They are caused by the development of high internal stresses probably caused by the maturity of the tree.</span><br />
<span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">The shake is the result of stress relief and in the first place results in a single longitudal crack from the heart and through the diameter of the tree. </span><br />
<span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">As the stress increases a second relief crack takes form at right angles to the first and is shown as a double heart shake.</span><br />
<span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">Further cracks are known as star shakes and show the familiar pattern shown.</span><br />
<a href="http://www.geoffswoodwork.co.uk/radial%20shakes.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="585" src="http://www.geoffswoodwork.co.uk/radial%20shakes.gif" width="342" /></a><span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">Ring or partial cup shakes in the form of longitudal tangential cracks occur as a result of high radial tension. It is often said that it is caused by an early frost freezing the rising sap or perhaps a heavy felling on hard ground.</span><br />
<span style="color: maroon; font-size: medium;">External radial cracks are caused by the tree laying too long before it is converted and seasoned.</span></td><td align="center" valign="top" width="538"></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1212565567197526074.post-53286427070527457462011-10-10T19:22:00.007+05:302011-10-10T19:53:58.811+05:30Basic Civil Engineering Assignment : 1<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">Assignment :1</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Topic : " <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><b><u>TIMBER</u></b></i></span> "- <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;">Varieties Found in Kerala</span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">Posted By, Victor </span><br />
<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br />
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Note : Please <b><i><u>select only the required varieties</u></i></b> from the following varieties<br />
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Only need the Name ,Location,Uses...<br />
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<div style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-line-height-alt: 14.4pt; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 19pt;">List of Kerala timber trees</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;">There are over 150</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;">species</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;">of</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber" title="Timber"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;">timber</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;">which are produced in</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;">India</span></a><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;">. Following are the chief varieties of timber trees which are used for engineering purposes in India:<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: #F9F9F9; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="background: #F2F2F2; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Common name<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-left: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature"><b><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Binomial nomenclature</span></b></a><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-left: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color" title="Color"><b><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Colour</span></b></a><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-left: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density" title="Density"><b><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Density</span></b></a><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">¹<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-left: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Location<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-left: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Characteristics, Usage and Status<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Aini or Aangili<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artocarpus_hirsutus_(Moraceae)&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Artocarpus hirsutus (Moraceae) (page does not exist)"><i><span style="color: #ba0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Artocarpus hirsutus (Moraceae)</span></i></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Yellowish brown<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">595 kg/m³<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Maharashtra</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Andhra Pradesh</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">,</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Tamil Nadu</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Karnataka</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Kerala</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Elastic, close-grained, and strong. It takes</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polishing" title="Polishing"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">polish</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">. It can be used</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater" title="Underwater"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">underwater</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">. It is used for ordinary building construction, structural work,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavement_(material)" title="Pavement (material)"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">paving</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">furniture</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">and so forth.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Bamboo</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Family</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Poaceae</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">, tribe Bambuseae<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Throughout India, especially</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Assam</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">and Bengal<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Not actually a tree, but a woody grass, it is flexible, very strong and durable. It is used for</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaffolding" title="Scaffolding"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">scaffoldings</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">, thatched roofs, rafters, temporary bridges, and so forth.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyan" title="Banyan"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Banyan</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[[Ficus benghalensis](Moraceae)]</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Brown<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">580 kg/m³<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Throughout India<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">It is strong and durable only under water. The aerial roots are utilized for such items as tent poles and well curbs.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Benteak<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[[Lagerstoemia parviflora](Lythraceae)]</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">675 kg/m³<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Kerala, Madras, Maharashtra, Karnataka<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">It is strong and takes up a smooth surface. It may be used for building constructions,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">boat building</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">and furniture.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Bijasal<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[[Pterocarpus marsupium](Fabaceae)]<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Light brown<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">800 kg/m³<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissa" title="Orissa"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Orissa</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">It is coarse-grained, durable and strong but difficult to work. Termites (also known as white ant) do not easily attack it. It is used for ordinary building construction and for</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cart" title="Cart"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">cart</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">wheels.<b>Vulnerable</b></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_timber_trees#cite_note-2"><sup><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[3]</span></sup></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Coconut</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Cocos nucifera'(Palmae)'</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Reddish brown<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Throughout coastal India<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Takes polish. Requires preservative treatment. Used as poles, piles, furniture and as formwork in concrete construction.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Hopea<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[[Hopea parviflora](Dipterocapaceae)]</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Light to deep brown<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">1010 kg/m³<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Madras, Kerala<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Hopea is extremely strong and tough. It is difficult to work. However, it can be seasoned easily and it is durable and not likely to be damaged by white ants. It has been variously used for ordinary house construction, railway sleepers,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_foundation" title="Deep foundation"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">piles</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">, and boat building.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Endangered</span></b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_timber_trees#cite_note-3"><sup><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[4]</span></sup></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Himalayan Elm, Indian Elm<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[[Ulmus wallichiana](Ulmaceae)]</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Red<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">960 kg/m³<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Throughout India<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">It is moderately hard and strong. It is used for door and window frames, carts, and so forth.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironwood" title="Ironwood"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Ironwood</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">, Penaga Lilin,<br />
Bosneak, Gangaw, Mesua<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[[Mesua ferrea](Calophyllaceae)]</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Reddish brown</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_timber_trees#cite_note-4"><sup><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[5]</span></sup></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">960-1060 kg/m³</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_timber_trees#cite_note-5"><sup><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[6]</span></sup></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Ironwood is durable though it is very hard and is not easily worked. It even resists penetration of nails. It is used for ordinary house construction, bridges, piles, agricultural instruments, railway wagons, and railway sleepers.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Irul, Pyinkado<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[[Xylia xylocarpa](Mimosaceae)]</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">830-1060 kg/m³</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_timber_trees#cite_note-6"><sup><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[7]</span></sup></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">It is very hard, heavy and durable. Difficult to work, it also requires slow and careful seasoning. It is used for railway sleepers, agricultural instruments, paving blocks, and heavy construction.<b>Least concern</b></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_timber_trees#cite_note-7"><sup><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[8]</span></sup></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack(tree)&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Jack(tree) (page does not exist)"><span style="color: #ba0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Jack</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Mangifera caesia'(Anacardiaceae)'.</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Yellow, darkens with age<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">595 kg/m³<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">It is compact and even grained. It is moderately strong and easy to work. It takes a good finish and maintains its shape well. It has many uses including plain furniture, boat construction, well curbs, door panels, cabinet making and musical instruments.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Kathal</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">, Keledang</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_timber_trees#cite_note-autogenerated1-8"><sup><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[9]</span></sup></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">, Jackfruit<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Artocarpus heterophyllus</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">(Moraceae)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Yellow to deep brown<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">800 kg/m³</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_timber_trees#cite_note-autogenerated1-8"><sup><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[9]</span></sup></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">It is heavy and hard. It is durable under water and in damp conditions, however, it cracks if exposed to direct sun. White ants do not attack it. It is used for piles, platforms of wooden bridges, door and window panels.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Lauraceae, Saj<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauraceae" title="Lauraceae"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Lauraceae</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Dark brown</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_timber_trees#cite_note-9"><sup><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[10]</span></sup></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">880 kg/m³<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">It is strong, hard and tough. It is subject to cracking and attack by dry rot. White ants do not attack it. It takes a smooth finish. It is used for such purposes as house construction, boat construction, railway sleepers and structural work.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Mahogany</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[[Swietenia](Meliaceae)]</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">spp.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Reddish brown<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">720 kg/m³<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">It takes a good polish and is easily worked. It is durable under water. It is most commonly used for furniture, pattern making and cabinet work.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango" title="Mango"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Mango</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Mangifera</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">spp. (Anacardiaceae)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Deep gray<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">560-720 kg/m³</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_timber_trees#cite_note-10"><sup><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[11]</span></sup></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Throughout India<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">The mango tree is well known for its fruits. It is easy to work and it maintains its shape well. It is moderately strong. It is most often used for cheap furniture, toys, packing boxes, cabinet work, panels for doors and for windows.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak" title="Oak"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Oak</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Quercus</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">spp.(Fagaceae)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Yellowish brown<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">865 kg/m³<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Oak is strong and durable, with straight silvery grain. It is used for preparing sporting goods.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Palm<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Arecaceae</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Dark brown<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">1040 kg/m³<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Throughout India<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">It contains ripe wood in the outer crust. The colour of this ripened wood is dark brown. It is strong, durable and fibrous. Palm is used for furniture, roof covering, rafters and joists.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine" title="Pine"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pine</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pinus</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">spp. (Pinaceae)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pine wood is hard and tough except white pine which is soft. It decays easily if it comes into contact with soil. It is heavy and coarse grained. It is used for pattern making, frames for doors and windows, and for paving material. White pine is light and straight grained and is used in the manufacture of</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match" title="Match"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">matches</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosewood" title="Rosewood"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Rosewood</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[[Dalbergia latifolia](Fabaceae)]</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Dark</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_timber_trees#cite_note-autogenerated2-0"><sup><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[1]</span></sup></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">850 kg/m³</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_timber_trees#cite_note-11"><sup><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[12]</span></sup></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orrissa<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">It is strong, tough and close-grained. It is a handsome wood that takes up a high polish. It maintains its shape well and is available in large sizes. It is used for furniture of superior quality, cabinet work, ornamental carvings and so forth.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Vulnerable</span></b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_timber_trees#cite_note-12"><sup><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[13]</span></sup></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sandalwood</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Santalum</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">spp. (Santalaceae)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">White or Red<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">930 kg/m³<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Assam, Nagpur, Bengal<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">It has a pleasant smell. It is commonly used for agricultural instruments, well curbs, wheels, and mallets.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Vulnerable</span></b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_timber_trees#cite_note-14"><sup><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[15]</span></sup></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satinwood" title="Satinwood"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Satinwood</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[[Chloroxylon|Chloroxylon swietenia](Meliaceae)]</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Yellow</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_timber_trees#cite_note-15"><sup><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[16]</span></sup></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">960 kg/m³<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Central and Southern India<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">It is very hard and durable. It is close grained. It is used for furniture and other ornamental works.<b>Vulnerable</b></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_timber_trees#cite_note-16"><sup><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[17]</span></sup></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Simul<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[[Bombax](Bombacaceae)]</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">spp.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">White<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">450 kg/m³<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">All over India<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">It is a loose grained, inferior quality wood. Light in weight, it is used for packing cases, the match industry, well curbs, and for cheap furniture.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Tamarind</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Tamarindus indica</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">(Ceasalpinaceae)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Dark brown<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">1280 kg/m³<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">All over India<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Tamarind is knotty and durable. It is a beautiful tree for avenue and gardens. Its development is very slow but it ultimately forms a massive appearance. Its fruit is also very useful. It is used for agricultural instruments, well curbs, sugar mills, carts and brick burning.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teak" title="Teak"><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Teak</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Tectona grandis</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">(Verbenaceae)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Deep yellow to dark brown</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_timber_trees#cite_note-17"><sup><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[18]</span></sup></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">639 kg/m³</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_timber_trees#cite_note-18"><sup><span style="color: #0645ad; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[19]</span></sup></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Central India and Southern India<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Moderately hard, teak is durable and fire-resistant. It can be easily seasoned and worked. It takes up a good polish and is not attacked by white ants and dry rot. It does not corrode iron fastenings and it shrinks little. It is among the most valuable timber trees of the world and its use is limited to superior work only.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" width="96"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; padding: 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt 2.4pt;"></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">* After seasoning at 12% moisture content<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p>Make USe of IT.............................</o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p>Thankz........ </o:p></div>Posted By Victor<br />
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