Basic Civil Engineering Assignment : 1

Assignment :1




Topic : " TIMBER "- Varieties Found in Kerala


Posted By, Victor 

Note : Please select only the required varieties from the following varieties

Only need the Name ,Location,Uses...

List of Kerala timber trees

There are over 150 species of timber which are produced in India. Following are the chief varieties of timber trees which are used for engineering purposes in India:

Common name	Binomial nomenclature	Colour	Density ¹	Location	Characteristics, Usage and Status
Aini or Aangili	Artocarpus hirsutus (Moraceae)	Yellowish brown	595 kg/m³	Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala	Elastic, close-grained, and strong. It takes polish. It can be used underwater. It is used for ordinary building construction, structural work, paving, furniture and so forth.
Bamboo	Family Poaceae, tribe Bambuseae			Throughout India, especiallyAssam and Bengal	Not actually a tree, but a woody grass, it is flexible, very strong and durable. It is used forscaffoldings, thatched roofs, rafters, temporary bridges, and so forth.
Banyan	[[Ficus benghalensis](Moraceae)]	Brown	580 kg/m³	Throughout India	It is strong and durable only under water. The aerial roots are utilized for such items as tent poles and well curbs.
Benteak	[[Lagerstoemia parviflora](Lythraceae)]		675 kg/m³	Kerala, Madras, Maharashtra, Karnataka	It is strong and takes up a smooth surface. It may be used for building constructions, boat building and furniture.
Bijasal	[[Pterocarpus marsupium](Fabaceae)]	Light brown	800 kg/m³	Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa	It is coarse-grained, durable and strong but difficult to work. Termites (also known as white ant) do not easily attack it. It is used for ordinary building construction and for cart wheels.Vulnerable[3]
Coconut	Cocos nucifera'(Palmae)'	Reddish brown		Throughout coastal India	Takes polish. Requires preservative treatment. Used as poles, piles, furniture and as formwork in concrete construction.
Hopea	[[Hopea parviflora](Dipterocapaceae)]	Light to deep brown	1010 kg/m³	Madras, Kerala	Hopea is extremely strong and tough. It is difficult to work. However, it can be seasoned easily and it is durable and not likely to be damaged by white ants. It has been variously used for ordinary house construction, railway sleepers, piles, and boat building. Endangered[4]
Himalayan Elm, Indian Elm	[[Ulmus wallichiana](Ulmaceae)]	Red	960 kg/m³	Throughout India	It is moderately hard and strong. It is used for door and window frames, carts, and so forth.
Ironwood, Penaga Lilin, Bosneak, Gangaw, Mesua	[[Mesua ferrea](Calophyllaceae)]	Reddish brown[5]	960-1060 kg/m³[6]		Ironwood is durable though it is very hard and is not easily worked. It even resists penetration of nails. It is used for ordinary house construction, bridges, piles, agricultural instruments, railway wagons, and railway sleepers.
Irul, Pyinkado	[[Xylia xylocarpa](Mimosaceae)]		830-1060 kg/m³[7]	Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu	It is very hard, heavy and durable. Difficult to work, it also requires slow and careful seasoning. It is used for railway sleepers, agricultural instruments, paving blocks, and heavy construction.Least concern[8]
Jack	Mangifera caesia'(Anacardiaceae)'.	Yellow, darkens with age	595 kg/m³	Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala	It is compact and even grained. It is moderately strong and easy to work. It takes a good finish and maintains its shape well. It has many uses including plain furniture, boat construction, well curbs, door panels, cabinet making and musical instruments.
Kathal, Keledang[9], Jackfruit	Artocarpus heterophyllus(Moraceae)	Yellow to deep brown	800 kg/m³[9]	Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu	It is heavy and hard. It is durable under water and in damp conditions, however, it cracks if exposed to direct sun. White ants do not attack it. It is used for piles, platforms of wooden bridges, door and window panels.
Lauraceae, Saj	Lauraceae	Dark brown[10]	880 kg/m³	Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu	It is strong, hard and tough. It is subject to cracking and attack by dry rot. White ants do not attack it. It takes a smooth finish. It is used for such purposes as house construction, boat construction, railway sleepers and structural work.
Mahogany	[[Swietenia](Meliaceae)]spp.	Reddish brown	720 kg/m³		It takes a good polish and is easily worked. It is durable under water. It is most commonly used for furniture, pattern making and cabinet work.
Mango	Mangifera spp. (Anacardiaceae)	Deep gray	560-720 kg/m³[11]	Throughout India	The mango tree is well known for its fruits. It is easy to work and it maintains its shape well. It is moderately strong. It is most often used for cheap furniture, toys, packing boxes, cabinet work, panels for doors and for windows.
Oak	Quercus spp.(Fagaceae)	Yellowish brown	865 kg/m³		Oak is strong and durable, with straight silvery grain. It is used for preparing sporting goods.
Palm	Arecaceae	Dark brown	1040 kg/m³	Throughout India	It contains ripe wood in the outer crust. The colour of this ripened wood is dark brown. It is strong, durable and fibrous. Palm is used for furniture, roof covering, rafters and joists.
Pine	Pinus spp. (Pinaceae)				Pine wood is hard and tough except white pine which is soft. It decays easily if it comes into contact with soil. It is heavy and coarse grained. It is used for pattern making, frames for doors and windows, and for paving material. White pine is light and straight grained and is used in the manufacture of matches.
Rosewood	[[Dalbergia latifolia](Fabaceae)]	Dark[1]	850 kg/m³[12]	Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orrissa	It is strong, tough and close-grained. It is a handsome wood that takes up a high polish. It maintains its shape well and is available in large sizes. It is used for furniture of superior quality, cabinet work, ornamental carvings and so forth. Vulnerable[13]
Sandalwood	Santalum spp. (Santalaceae)	White or Red	930 kg/m³	Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Assam, Nagpur, Bengal	It has a pleasant smell. It is commonly used for agricultural instruments, well curbs, wheels, and mallets. Vulnerable[15]
Satinwood	[[Chloroxylon|Chloroxylon swietenia](Meliaceae)]	Yellow[16]	960 kg/m³	Central and Southern India	It is very hard and durable. It is close grained. It is used for furniture and other ornamental works.Vulnerable[17]
Simul	[[Bombax](Bombacaceae)] spp.	White	450 kg/m³	All over India	It is a loose grained, inferior quality wood. Light in weight, it is used for packing cases, the match industry, well curbs, and for cheap furniture.
Tamarind	Tamarindus indica(Ceasalpinaceae)	Dark brown	1280 kg/m³	All over India	Tamarind is knotty and durable. It is a beautiful tree for avenue and gardens. Its development is very slow but it ultimately forms a massive appearance. Its fruit is also very useful. It is used for agricultural instruments, well curbs, sugar mills, carts and brick burning.
Teak	Tectona grandis(Verbenaceae)	Deep yellow to dark brown[18]	639 kg/m³[19]	Central India and Southern India	Moderately hard, teak is durable and fire-resistant. It can be easily seasoned and worked. It takes up a good polish and is not attacked by white ants and dry rot. It does not corrode iron fastenings and it shrinks little. It is among the most valuable timber trees of the world and its use is limited to superior work only.

* After seasoning at 12% moisture content

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Thankz........ 

Posted By Victor